GLOSSARY

The definitions, in most cases, were taken from Walter Truett Anderson's book "Reality Isn't What It Used To Be". Page numbers for the quotes are given from Anderson's book, unless otherwise indicated, and they appear in italics.

[NOTE:This page is still under development and is far from complete.]

• Beliefs-mental acceptance of the validity of certain ideas about inanimate objects, animate objects and persons. Belief systems are ideas that help one define what is felt to be the real world and dynamics that influence reality.
• Chaos-a disordered state, lacking organization, confusing and unpredictable.
• Culture-Socially transmitted (learned) behavior patterns (norms), arts, beliefs, and institutions that enable a society to survive for many generations.
• Cognitive (Neuroscience) Science- A science of the brain that combines the work of cognitive psychologists and neurobiologists.
• Constructivism (p. 67) Constructivism "..studies not only the processes of thought, but also the processes of reality creation". It".. explores the operations by which we explore our experiential world".. On p. xi, Anderson says "..according to the constructivist view, people may have not only different political opinions and religious beliefs, but different ideas of such basic matters as personal identity, time and space.".
• Critical Theory- How to think about thinking. It attempts to liberate one from particular beliefs of how society "ought" to be or persons "ought" to behave. It aims to uncover the biases of particular ideologies and constructions of reality. It is the application of deconstruction.
• Deconstruction- is about the limitations of language, about the impossibility of a single representation that all will agree is true. It tries to work backwards from an interpretation of reality to identify the biases, meanings and preconceptions of those who constructed a particular reality in the first place.
• Epistemology-Studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppostiions and foundations, its validity, how we know.
• Faith-Belief in the truth, value, or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or ideology. Go to Fowler's definition now .
  
• Fundamentalism-A belief system that emphasizes following a particular set of basic principles and opinions.
• Norms-(p. 260) "..a pattern of behavior that is somewhere along the road of reification, taking on a certain sanctity - becoming accepted as a way that people ought to behave." Some norms are supported and justified by tradition and religious beliefs. Others are legislated into laws. Sociologists view norms as expected behaviors.
• Objectivist- emphasizes hard evidence as a source of factual knowledge. Their view of the world assumes that one can eliminate personal feelings and biases in observations of the world. Constructivists disagree and try to include knowledge of how the brain works to include the effects of personal feelings and biases upon knowing.
• Postmodernism- A worldview that emphasizes the existence of different worldviews and concepts of reality. Whereas modernism emphasized a trust in the empirical scientific method, and a distrust and lack of faith in ideologies and religious beliefs that could not be tested using scientific methods; postmodernism emphasizes that a particular reality is a social construction by a particular group, community, or class of persons. See Chapter 1 in Anderson's "Reality Isn't What It Used To Be".
• Realativist-One who believes that conceptions of truth and moral values are not universally applicable or absolute, but are believed and constructed by a particular community that holds them to be absolute.
• Social Construction of Reality- (SCR)(p. analysis of "..how societies created and maintained realities", more specifically their own conception of reality.
• Sociology of Knowledge- (p.38) "the study of how societies create and perpetuate structures of reality." The term was first used by Max Scheler in the 1920's and according to Berger and Luckmann,(pp. 3 & 4) the sociology of knowledge is "..concerned with the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises", and "..concerned with the analysis of the social construction of reality".
• Subjectivist-Subjectivist considerations include an awareness of the personal biases that can vary from person to person and effect how they perceive objects and behavior.
• Tradition-Sets of norms, values and beliefs contained in the culture of a society and passed down from generation to generation.
• Values-Norms that are deemed by a community to be the most important for the survival of the community or society. Social institutions such as the family, education, economy and polity all control and regulate the permormance of society as a whole. Thus, those norms related to procreating, nurturing children, teaching children, distributing the resources of a society among all members of the society, and so on are highly valued, especially by persons who believe that these particular norms are fundamental to the functioning of the society.

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Copyright © 2000, All Rights Reserved by Charles Notess, Loveland, Colorado.
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